Effects of Temperature on Potato Catalase Activity Essay

Effects of Temperature on Potato Catalase Activity - Essay Example In most cases, the catalase enzyme reacts with the hydrogen peroxide thus converting it into water and oxygen. To determine the effects of temperature on potato catalase, an experiment was done. To begin with, the potato was grated using a nutmeg grater while making sure that the grated surface frequently is exposed to the calcium carbonate. Thereafter, grinding of the pulp in a mortar, which had some quartz sand for about two minutes, was done. The pulp extract was placed in between an absorbent cotton and cheesecloth to get rid of the water. Thereafter, it was placed in a glass bottle with cold water. This was followed by placing it in a water bath at 200C. Five cubic centimeters of Oakland together with a three percent hydrogen peroxide was added immediately the mixture attained the water bath temperature. Shaking should continue to make sure the effect covers the whole mixture. In most experiments the catalase enzyme is destroyed at temperatures ranging between 660 C and 780 C. however, in a situation involving a potato catalase enzyme, destruction begins at 500 C. There is a correlation in the VANT HOFF velocity coefficient for hemase (Bunzell & Kenyon, 1933). It reads 1.5 in the potato catalase between 0 and 100 C. temperatures above 200 C already start to destroy the catalase enzyme, which in conjunction with the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide makes it difficult to keep the enzymes alive. This is because of the real and total destruction that happens to the catalase enzyme. Hydrogen impurities do not hinder its destruction even under medium temperatures. In the experiment, it is very clear that temperature is the independent variable while both the potato and hydrogen peroxide are the dependant variables. They are dependent on temperature of which has to take place in the glass bottle or a test tube in that matter. The amount of hydrogen peroxide,

Three questions to be answered with main opinion, source for each Assignment

Three questions to be answered with main opinion, source for each answer and give an assertion - Assignment Example Writings should also take into account not only the level its audience proficiency but also their cultural background . 3. This is a wrong mindset. A business staff should never be busy to attend to a customer and must always apologize to any inconvenience caused. Complaints and suggestions must be welcome by the company to help them identify their areas of improvement. Customer service must always be in mind of any business organization otherwise it will lose its customers and go out of business. Above all, apologizing and making customers feel important ensures that the business can still keep the customer despite the inconvenience caused. Business organizations must always bear in mind that they exist because of the customers and therefore, they should be mindful of the fact that â€Å"customer is always king† (Moreno) in their organization and therefore, they should not be busy to attend to the

Stakeholders In The Tourism Industry

Stakeholders In The Tourism Industry It always cross mind of stakeholders in the tourism industry of why people buy package trips to be on holiday or business trip they take, why visitors choose one particular destination instead of another. For the stakeholders, it is a challenge to learn and understand pre-requisite factors visitors take into consideration in choosing a destination. Holloway (1998) said that relatively little is known about tourist motivation and although numerous statistics are gathered which reveal a great deal about who goes where, the reasons for these choices are little understood. These literature reviews highlights the different theories of stakeholders and the use of Network Analysis (NA) to study the link between different destination stakeholders. Stakeholder theory is a management theory which argues that the interests of all stakeholders are of intrinsic value (Donaldson and Preston, 1995).Literatures also enlightens the different theories of motivation combine with the different authors motivational factors to explain why people travel. The pull and push motivation factors are the theories that are the most acceptable (Yoon Uysal 2005; you et al., 2000). The concept behind this theory is that people travel because they are pushed and pulled to travel by certain forces (Uysal Jurowski,1994). Uysal Jurowski, 1994 stated the push factor are socio-psychological needs related to intrinsic motivators while pull factors relates to the attractiveness and specific features of the destinations. ). LINK BETWEEN STAKEHOLDERS AND NETWORK A tourism destination may be considered as a cluster of interrelated stakeholders embedded in a social network (Scott at al., 2008a).Such a network of stakeholders interacts, jointly meeting visitor needs and producing the experience that the travellers consume. A stakeholder is any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organizations objectives according to Freeman, (1984, p.46). Palmer, 1996; Tyler and Dinan 2001; Pforr, 2002; developed networks as an important conduit for managing public-private relationships and understanding structures of tourism governance. Interaction of stakeholders is multifaceted. Governance is a concept used to direct the stakeholders. It refers to relationships between multiple stakeholders and how they interact with one another. It involves how stakeholders determine implement and evaluate the rules for their interaction (Beritelli et al., 2007). The Network Analysis is an applicable method used to study the link between tourism destination stakeholders while differentiating between the public and private sector. An individual firms performance depends on the behavior of others that it is directly and indirectly connected to according to Freeman (1984). The NA studies the links between tourism destination stakeholders, while distinguishing between private and public sectors.NA show in preferential order with which stakeholder they want to be in touch first. TOURISM MOTIVATION The question that is still asks by many authors and stakeholders are the factors that encourage tourism to travel, that is, motivation. Motivation refers to hat directs the behavior of the individual towards goals. It is defined as the psychological process that gives behavior purpose and direction( Kreithner,1995). According to S.P.Robbins (1997), motivation is the process by which activities are started directed and sustained to fulfill both physical and psychological needs. Whenever an individual try to satisfy a need it is classified as motivation, need is an objective interest. Robbins (1997) explained the motivation process as follows. C:UsersNathaliePictures3-8cb9d53c1c.jpg (Source: S.P. Robbins (1997), Organization Behavior: Concepts, Controversies, Applications, 7th Ed. The diagram demonstrates the willingness for individual to employ high levels of effort to reach organizational goals in order to satisfy some individual needs or self- individual needs. As shown above, unsatisfied need always lead an individual to be anxious. This state of mind is converted into tension making an individual to wish something. These wishes or drives provoke a search behavior. As from the search behavior, individual discover wants that if satisfied will lead to a reduction in tension. So, when an individual is on pressure, they alleviate this stress by making effort. The greater the stress the higher will be the effort made. This effort leads towards achieving goals set, leading to satisfaction of needs. According to the understanding of Luthan (1995), this process lies in the meaning of and relationship between needs, drives and incentives. The following section deal with the different factors stating why visitors want to visit a destination and why they choose one particular destination instead of another. To better understand the, the concepts of push and pull factors are developed. THE PUSH FACTOR A TRAVEL MOTIVATOR Travel motivations is one of the useful approaches in understanding travel needs and tourists behaviours (Crompton, 1979; Yoon Uysal, 2005).After the study done by Jang and Wu(2006), they stated that there are significant differences among travellers from different countries in terms of the level of importance attached to the push and pull factors. Starting with the push factor,it described how people are pushed to make a travel decision by internal forces (example,to have holiday, to rest or relaxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) according to Uysal Hagan. Push factors are socio-psychological needs, which are related to intrinsic motivators. The Maslows (1943) hierarchy of needs is the most influential model used and its application to tourism research. All human needs can be arranged in a hierarchy of five categories according to Maslow (1970) as shown in the figure below. C:UsersNathaliePictures450px-Maslows_Hierarchy_of_Needs_svg.png According to Maslow, the human need follow these steps in an ascending manner. The most basic need is the physiological one which satisfied the basic needs of individual. Once the basic need is fulfilled, human upgrade their needs and look forward for the next level to be satisfied. However, there are cases where individuals want to satisfy a higher level though the lower level is not accomplished. Pearce (1982) suggests that travel motivation has the properties of an approach-avoidance paradigm. He developed the Travel Career Ladder (TCL) in accordance with the Maslows hierarchy of needs as a conceptual framework. The aim of the TCL is to show how peoples needs change as experience increase. Pearce classified the TCL into five steps starting with the lowest; Relaxation Stimulation Relationship Self-esteem and development Fulfillment TLC proposes that people progress upwards through motivational levels with accumulated travel experiences (Lee and Pearce, 2002). The TLC demonstrates how individual start their travel career at a low level, that is, Relaxation. As individuals become more experienced travelers, they advance for higher goals until they reach high level of fulfillment. E:070360103001.png It is recognized that the push factors contribute in the study of tourism behavior and understand a wide variety of needs that can be influential motivator to tourist behavior. Cohen (1972, 1979a, 1979b) contended that what tourists want is not merely to satisfy their psychological needs but authenticity of the destination. So, the other factor which could motivate people to travel must be taken into consideration. The following section will focus on the external motivator. THE PULL FACTOR The pull factor focus on another aspect of tourism behavior. Pull factors are external and related to the attractiveness and specific features of the destination (Uysal Jurowski, 1994). They are the general features of tourism regions that people recognize as touristically agreeable and attractive, such as culture, traditions and heritage, nature, amusement among others (Peters, 1969).After the study on travel motivators of Yuan Mc Donald, Jang Wu (2006), Mohammad Mat Som (2010), Jang Wu (2006) asserted that common pull factors found in most studies were natural and historical environments, safety, cost, ease of access, and facilities. A destinations attractiveness pulled individuals in their travel decision. Dann (1981) asserted that it is comprehensible that researchers focus attention on the pull factors of tourist behavior, since they symbolize the specific attractions of the destination, which tempt once the decision has been made. Dann(1981) also claimed that the pull factors of the resort such as sunshine, relaxed tempo and friendly natives , both respond to and strengthen push factor motivation. DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TH E PUSH AND PULL FACTOR Peoples motivation to travel has been discussed on a multidisciplinary basis since the aftermath of the Second WorldWar, when mass tourism began to thrive. It is not only a matter of explaining, from a psychological perspective, why some people travel and others do not (Crompton, 1979; Dann, 1977; Plog, 1974). Plogs (1974) With travel personality, P. L. Pearces With (1988) travel career ladder (TCL),and Cohens With (1972) concept of strangeness-familiarity, try to show the possible factors that drives people to travel. Plog use the travel personality to model to study why do some people do no travel. He based himself on psychological impetus. Push-Pull framework a motivational paradigm Moreover, Plog (2001) use the Travel Personality model to study why some people do not travel. Plog (1974) concluded that nontravelers are indeed nonadventuresome and proposed the notion of travel personality in this sense; dependable, near dependable, mid-centric, near venturer, and venturer types. In his model, emphasis is laid on psychological impetus. Cohen (1972, 1979a, 1979b, 1984), from a sociological perspective, set his model in a broader social context, arguing that tourism is essentially a social phenomenon. Tourists therefore should be analyzed by underscoring their relationships with both business establishments such as tour operators and the destination (Cohen, 1972). Highlighting social relationships in the tourism system remains the most remarkable distinction of Cohens (1972) model, which is represented by the concept of strangeness-familiarity. This concept is constructed by breaking down Boorstins (1964) holistic image of the tourist into more specific and empirically identifiable types,namely, the organized mass tourist, individual mass tourist, explorer, and 122 Yong Chen, Barry Mak, and Bob McKercher drifter (Cohen, 1972). As Plog, Pearce and Cohen focus in the same field of study, they all use their model to represents an integrated motivation framework. The aim behind is to show the possible linkages among the three models. Diagrams + Explanations (It is taken for granted in this framework that the destination represents the pull factors of tourist motivation, whereas characteristics of individual tourists represent the push factors (Crompton, 1979). However, at a destination such as in a city with a complex of economic, cultural, and historical attractions and heritages, tourist behavior may demonstrate a pattern other than those indicated by, for example, the distance decaying effect from the origin to the destination.)

Comparison of To His Coy Mistress and The Ruined Maid Essay -- Andrew

Comparison of To His Coy Mistress and The Ruined Maid 'To His Coy Mistress' is written by Andrew Marvell in the 17th Century. Marvell was one of the so-called metaphysical poets - a term of mild literary abuse coined by Dr. Johnson. 'The Ruined Maid' was written by Thomas Hardy in 1866. It is important to analyse the theme, language, tone, characters and style of both poems in order to compare and contrast them. 'To His Coy Mistress' is a lyric of seduction. It is about a young man who tries to persuade a young girl to have sex with him. It seems that he has made an attempt but fails, because the girl is unwilling to yield her virginity. The poem is an example of a carpe diem poem - 'carpe diem' is Latin for 'seize the day'. The man expresses his sadness at the thought of swiftly passing time and the shortness of life. He wants to persuade the girl to grab the time that they have. The poem splits up into three sections with different moods. The first section contains lots of flatteries. Marvell has already expressed the main point of this poem at the first two lines, 'Had we but world enough and time, this coyness, Lady, were no crime.' He is saying that if there is time, he can wait. He understands the young girl's modesty and she wants to keep her virginity. The poem is lustful as the man keeps on flattering the girl; he says that he could operate within the confines of conventional courtship and devote appropriate time to worship of her. 'Two hundred to adore each breast'. He assured her that she deserves the most elaborate courtship imaginable - 'For lady, you deserve this state'. He will spend lots of time waiting for her; if there is 'time'. However, the second section begins with a huge ... ...coy mistress. However, the mistress might be a rich woman and she might be happy with her present life while she keeps her virginity. In general, the man is the one who is disappointed if he cannot have sex with her. In the ruined maid, Hardy is quite successful in teasing society's hypocrisy in condemning prostitution. One may have a better life and better position as a prostitute. However, in my opinion, I think reputation is an important thing for women. I would tease the ruined maid as well. I would rather be a poor country girl than a prostitute. Even if she has a better life and is rich, she is totally shameful and condemned by the public. Losing her virginity is an indignity, as is being as 'ruined'. Not only should the prostitutes be blamed, but also the men who pay them for sex should be humiliated. The men's reputation should also be ruined.

Marketing Study of Casinos

They add It absolutely clear what demographics they wanted to see Inside of their casino. They changed signs Inside the casino so Latino patrons could easily understand them. They brought In Spanish speaking dealers, entertainment and even made their most popular drink offer on the floor to be top-shelf tequila. Basically, the casino created an unseen logo that flashed we serve Latino first. By creating the Latino casino brand, they were able to create a relationship where the patrons saw the casino as a second home†¦ A place where they could be comfortable.Additionally, the casino used the power of positioning. They raised the perception of Latino patrons In a good way by giving them the red carpet treatment. If a patron spent $1000 in the casino, the staff treating them the same way the Lass Vegas casinos would treat their â€Å"whale† spenders. By using the power of positioning the Latino community felt as if they were respected and belong to a loyal company. More impo rtantly, their money no matter how little they spent was appreciated by the casino. Finally, and probably the most important principle used by the casino was segmentation.The casinos took the risk of basically Ignoring all other demographics ND concentrated all of their efforts toward the Latino community. The casino understood the demography of what things Latino valued, what music they wanted to hear, the type of food they wanted to eat and the liquor Latino preferred to drink. By successfully segmented their target audience the casino was able to see their once dying business revived with more customers than ever before. 3. This analysis demonstrated the power of targeting your audience and making sure to meet the needs and desires of your target audience.Many companies throughout the world SE the same tactics used by the casino. I Like to use the Marine corp. as example on how they target certain groups of people to Join their ranks. First off their slogan has always been  "The Few the Proud the Marines†. Right off the back they are letting the public know that they are an elite group of people and very few can join their ranks. This type of advertisement would appeal to an individual who wants to feel as if they are a part of a special group. Secondly, most of the Manes commercials display young men In tip top condition able to live In the wild and conquer almost any task†¦ CE again appealing to a certain demographic of people who are young in shape and want to live a challenge adventurous lifestyle. The casino discussed used some of the same tactics as the Marines use to pull in their targeted customers. As illustrated in the reading, the company advertised with countless signs in Spanish telling their customer to come play blackjack in their language. They brought Hispanic pop singers that the owners never heard of but knew he was popular In the decided to bring in conga drums†¦ Once again relating to the Latino culture.The most imp ortant lesson that I take away from this style of marketing is to not be afraid to openly go after a certain demographic of buyers. Large companies like Asks, Gucci and Ferreira have been doing it for years by catering to the extremely rich. Well this example show how a small casino decided to cater to Latino only who according to the reading were not considered to be rich but hard working average to below average wage earning customers. Their gamble (no pun intended) paid off and help turn their business around. They went from declaring bankruptcy in 2009 to having all 2,600 rooms and the casino floor filled with customers.

Formal Lab Report Essay

Human reaction times vary person to person and often increase with age. This change in reaction time can have little impact on a person’s daily life, such as when answering a ringing telephone. But this change can also have a dramatic impact when driving, working in dangerous environments, and negotiating busy streets and sidewalks. Literature Search â€Å"Reaction time has been used as a psychological test since the mid-19th century (Deary, 1). † Several studies have been conducted dealing with reaction time and the factors that can affect it. In their study titled â€Å"Validation of reaction time as a measure of cognitive function and quality of life in healthy subjects and patients†, Jakobsen, Sorensen, et al studied and reported findings regarding diminished reaction times and the effect that poor health had on those times. Findings were conclusive that the healthier the individual, the better their responses. Hypothesis Individual’s reaction time with their dominant hand is faster than those with their non-dominant hand. Conversely, there may be no statistically valid difference in the reaction time from one hand to the other. Experiment To test the variance in reaction time from dominant hand to non-dominant hand we set up an experiment using a simple reaction time test found in the free marketplace on an Android telephone. This application required the user to touch one of four colored stars that match the color of an identified star in the upper right hand corner. The subject was asked to repeat this response 20 times and the total time was scored as the reaction time. If a subject made an incorrect â€Å"touch† then their time would continue until the correctly touched 20 stars. The subject would then be ask to repeat this test with their non-dominant hand. To standardize the testing instructions were provided by my team mates and it was decided that the subject would place the device on a flat surface in front of them and use the index finger on first their dominant hand and then their non-dominant hand. Data was collected for 30 random subjects and analysis performed. Data Analysis Data collected from the 30 random subjects was input and the following summary statistics were produced. Dominant Hand Mean Reaction Time (D)| | | 18. 865 sec. | Median Reaction Time (D)| | | 17. 264 sec. | Variance (D)| | | 28. 235 sec. | Standard Deviation (D)| | | 5. 314 sec. | Non-dominant Hand Mean Reaction Time (N)| | | 17. 734 sec. | Median Reaction Time (N)| | 16. 412 sec. | Variance (N)| | | 16. 130 sec. | Standard Deviation (N)| | | 4. 016 sec. | The graphs below illustrate the mean for each hand as well as error with in plus or minus one standard deviation. Conclusion After conducting this experiment and reviewing the data, a few things became clear. One is that age of the subject had a significant impact on results with both hands. This is presumed to be the result of the interaction with a new technology. Younger subjects seemed to grasp the concept of what they were expected to do more quickly. Second, in this case, familiarity did not breed contempt, but it did breed faster reaction times. As subjects became more comfortable with the application they were using, their response times decreased. The later of these two factors had a more global effect on our outcomes, thus disproving our hypothesis in this case. I do not believe these results to be conclusive or authoritative and simply put, more research is needed. References Deary, I. J. , Liewald, D. & Nissan, J. (2011) A free, easy-to-use, computer-based simple and four-choice reaction time programme: The dearly-liewald reaction time task. Behavior Research Methods (Online), 43(1), 258-268. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/920259801? accountid=39001 Jakobsen, L. H. , Sorensen, J. M. , Rask, I. K. , Jensen, B. S. , & Kondrup, J. (2011). Validation of reaction time as a measure of cognitive function and quality of life in healthy subjects and patients. Nutrition, 27(5), 561-570. Doi: http://dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. nut. 2010. 08. 003 Norman, Celia (2011). General Biology 111: Laboratory Manual. Denver, CO: Department of Biology, Arapahoe Community College.